Reconsidering the Depth and Size of the EU in View of Enlargement in a Time of War

In the final chapter, the authors discuss the forthcoming enlargement of the European Union (EU), focusing on both its depth and size. It is argued that while previous enlargements also had a geopolitical component, this time, enlargement plays out in the context of a large war in Eastern Europe and an international system marked by instability and great power rivalry. A major challenge for EU enlargement is Russia’s intent to influence developments not only in Ukraine and Moldova but also in the Western Balkans. Additionally, the strategic rivalry with China poses further complications. Further, it is argued that by opening negotiations with Ukraine, the EU will play an important role in a future peace settlement. The chapter reflects on lessons from previous enlargements, emphasising the need for the EU to consider issues such as weak economic performance, patchy enforcement of the rule of law, and the fragile democracy that characterise many candidate countries. The chapter concludes by exploring various models for the EU’s future, concentrating on its depth and size. The authors argue that the EU should embrace this enlargement as an opportunity, reform its institutions, and move away from the requirement of unanimity where it is obsolete.